How to Prove De Morgans Laws

In mathematical statistics and probability it is important to be familiar with set theory. The elementary operations of set theory have connections with certain rules in the calculation of probabilities. The interactions of these elementary set operations of union, intersection and the complement are explain by two statements known as De Morgan’s Laws. After stating these laws, we will see how to prove them. Statement of De Morgan’s Laws De Morgan’s Laws relate to the interaction of the union, intersection and complement. Recall that: The intersection of the sets A and B consists of all elements that are common to both A and B. The intersection is denoted by A ∠© B.The union of the sets A and B consists of all elements that in either A or B, including the elements in both sets. The intersection is denoted by A U B.The complement of the set A consists of all elements that are not elements of A. This complement is denoted by AC. Now that we have recalled these elementary operations, we will see the statement of De Morgan’s Laws. For every pair of sets A and B (A  Ã¢Ë† © B)C AC U BC.(A U B)C AC  Ã¢Ë† © BC. Outline of Proof Strategy Before jumping into the proof we will think about how to prove the statements above. We are trying to demonstrate that two sets are equal to one another. The way that this is done in a mathematical proof is by the procedure of double inclusion. The outline of this method of proof is: Show that the set on the left side of our equals sign is a subset of the set on the right.Repeat the process in the opposite direction, showing that the set on the right is a subset of the set on the left.These two steps allow us to say that the sets are in fact equal to one another. They consist of all of the same elements. Proof of One of Laws We will see how to prove the first of De Morgan’s Laws above. We begin by showing that (A  Ã¢Ë† © B)C is a subset of AC U BC. First suppose that x is an element of (A  Ã¢Ë† © B)C.This means that x is not an element of (A  Ã¢Ë† © B).Since the intersection is the set of all elements common to both A and B, the previous step means that x cannot be an element of both A and B.This means that x is must be an element of at least one of the sets AC or BC.By definition this means that x is an element of AC U BCWe have shown the desired subset inclusion. Our proof is now halfway done. To complete it we show the opposite subset inclusion. More specifically we must show AC U BC is a subset of (A  Ã¢Ë† © B)C. We begin with an element x in the set AC U BC.This means that x is an element of AC or that x is an element of BC.Thus x is not an element of at least one of the sets A or B.So x cannot be an element of both A and B. This means that x is an element of (A  Ã¢Ë† © B)C.We have shown the desired subset inclusion. Proof of the Other Law The proof of the other statement is very similar to the proof that we have outlined above. All that must be done is to show a subset inclusion of sets on both sides of the equals sign.

Neanderthals Overview and Study Guide

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1878 Words

In the novel titled â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee set in Alabama, in a southern county in the era of the Great Depression, between 1933 and 1936 illustrates that to understand and empathize with others, all you need is imagination. Perhaps that is the reason why Harper Lee let it be an innocent girl of almost 6 years to tells the story, because children can use their imagination. However, Jem and Scout met too many people along the story and from each person the children learned something such as don’t prejudge others, be strong in the most difficult times, to never give up and most important to defend innocent people. Although the narrative part of which is remembering past events and it is considerably higher in the moment that tells the whole story. One issue that seems quite parochial and distant in time, a small village in the southern US in the 30s, surprisingly connects to any modern reader, containing feelings and universal values. Harper Lee wants to teach her audience about the prejudges and the bad things that it brings, in order to accomplish this objective, she leans to a variety of sub plots where any side characters are either victims or promoters of prejudices. The main part of the novel is a speech given by Atticus to the jury trying to defend an African-American from a white society which becomes difficult because there is a white racist society. Throughout the novel, the children were prejudging a person named Arthur Radley without know him.Show MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Essay about How did King George III lose his 13 American...

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is a common misconception that the sole cause of the American Revolutionary War was the taxes imposed on the colonies by Britain. If a closer look is taken at the history of the Americas, however, it is easy to see that idea of freedom had been pulsing through the colonies for years. Just how did His Majesty King George III lose his American colonies? The answer is a chain of events stringing from the French and Indian war to the day George Washington handed over his troops to the Continental Congress, officially ending the War for Independence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before the French and Indian War, Britain had used a system of Salutary Neglect with the colonies, giving them a sense of freedom.†¦show more content†¦These acts put a limit on the colonist’s westward expansion, while simultaneously barring their trading ports and limiting their imports and exports (Intolerable Acts). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This punishment was the last straw for the colonists. Fueled by their desire to free themselves of King George III’s ‘unfair’ ruling, the Declaration of Independence was written on July 4, 1776. This document declared the colonies’ freedom from Britain and detailed their reasons, thus beginning the war for freedom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Enter George Washington, who at the time was not the â€Å"father of the country† or the first president of the United States. Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Armies and eventually led our troops to victory, but not before experiencing set backs that made the colonists and even the British question the outcome of the Revolution. While Washington and his men had not had a very successful beginning, the theme of the Revolution slowly began to take on a new feeling, especially after the battle of Saratoga. It is arguable to say that the battle of Saratoga is the actual point in the war where King George III truly lost his colonies. The British should have been able to defeat the colonists in a very short amount of time, retaining control of them. After the battle of Saratoga, however, this task would become increasingly difficult. The Battle of Saratoga, fought in the fall of 1777 was the turningShow MoreRelatedThe Thirteen Colonies2989 Words   |  12 Pages 13 English Colonies Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Maryland were the thirteen colonies all had a different reason to be a colony. The thirteen colonies were divided into three different areas. The middle colonies were Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. The southern colonies were Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. and the northernRead MoreAmerican Exceptionalism By George Washington1320 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Exceptionalism is the term that imperialists in the United States regularly use to claim that their country is unusual or amazing. American exceptionalism defend to the exceptional character of the United States as an inimitably free country centered on democratic principles and personal liberty. American Exceptionalism is an issue that has been existed from early years and George Washington is one of the key pieces in this issue. The U.S history maintenance the idea of American ExceptionalismRead MoreDeclaration of Independence9744 Words   |  39 Pagesway, we can shed light both on its literary qualities and on its rhetorical power as a work designed to convince a candid world that the American colonies were justified in seeking to establish themselves as an independent nation.(2) The text of the Declaration can be divided into five sections--the introduction, the preamble, the indictment of George III, the denunciation of the British people, and the conclusion. Because space does not permit us to explicate each section in full detail, weRead MoreHow English Literature Affects the Monarchy2997 Words   |  12 PagesVII at Greenwich Palace (BBC News). In his early age, he was very interested in the arts and enjoyed reading literature. In 1509, Henry VIII succeeded his father Henry VII (1457-1509), but had originally become heir to the throne after his older brother, Prince Arthur, died in 1502 (Henry VIII (r.1509-1547)). He reigned during the House of Tudor monarchy when he was only eighteen years old until he died in 1547, having Edward VI succeed him. Throughout his years of reign, he married six women including:Read MoreThe American Character Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesWashington Irving expertly reflects American history in his piece of 1819 â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† Unbeknownst to Rip Van Winkle, the colonies are now free of British rule as Irving writes, â€Å"Here a general shout burst from the bystanders—‘A Tory! a Tory! a spy! A refugee! hustle him! Away with him’† (Matthews, 2007, para. 36). Rip enters the village armed, ignorant of the fact that he presents the look of a loyalist. The question of being a refugee is preferable to accusations of being a Tory, as a colonistRead MoreAmerican Revolution: What Range of (Long and Short Term) Causes, When Combined, Provides a Satisfactory Explanation for Why the American Revolution Broke Out in 1775?2127 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Revolution What range of (long and short term) causes, when combined, provides a satisfactory explanation for why the American Revolution broke out in 1775? In the period from 1756 to 1765 England was fighting the French in the Seven Years War in Europe. The English also fought the French in North America. The English won both at home and abroad, but at a high financial cost. The English government decided to make the American colonists pay for their protection against the French andRead MoreThe War Of 1812 Was Terrible For Americans2959 Words   |  12 Pagesfor Americans because of disunity and there was no angry spirit like the Chesapeake incident, but nationalism emerged 2) On to Canada over Land and Lakes a) The soldiers in the War of 1812 were ill-trained and were not prepared for war. b) The strategy used for attacking Canada was poorly planned because instead of attacking Montreal, the center of population, the plan was spilt into 3 invasions of Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain c) The British and Canadians had captured the American fortRead MoreGreat Inventors Changed our World3233 Words   |  13 Pageswith a degree in engineering. Eli Whitney is an American inventor who is best known for his invention of the cotton gin as it was one of the most influential inventions during the Industrial Revolution shaping the economy of the Antebellum North and South. The invention of the Cotton gin made cotton into one of the most profitable crop, which it reinforced the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. After his invention, he later turned his attention into manufacturing muskets for the newlyRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagesadditional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hia/summary/v032/32.1schaffer.html Access Provided by your local institution at 03/10/13 1:43PM GMT BOUND TO AFRICA: THE MANDINKA LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD MATT SCHAFFER I I offer here a theory of â€Å"cultural convergence,† as a corollary to Darwin’s natural selection, regarding how slave Creoles and culture were formed among the Gullah and, by extension, supported by other examples, in the Americas. When numerous speakers from differentRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pages * black Thursday November 24 1929 * the jazz age * a speakeasyyyyyyy How significant were the Republican policies in causing the great depression? The significance of the republic policies were great, they brought a lot of growth in the 20’s allowing the market to strive over lots of trading and the purchase of shares, but was also an unstable market, as the government had no control over what it did and was left up to the private sector almost to run the market. Entry of the United

The Last Leaf free essay sample

The Last Leaf (by O. Henry) Analysis O. Henry is one of the most famous American short story writers. His real name was William Sydney Porter and he was born on September 11, 1862. In 1894 was accused of stealing money and went to prison. While in prison Porter first started to write short stories. After Porter was released, he changed his name to O. Henry and published his stories in magazines. O. Henry’s short stories are famous for their surprise endings and humor. O. Henrys wrote such classic short stories as The Ransom of Red Chief, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† and â€Å"The Furnished Room†. One of his stories with surprise endingis The Last Leaf. The theme of the story is hope belief and self-sacrifice. When Mr. Behrman hears of the severity of Johnsy’s condition, he decides to help. So Johnsy will be convinced to fight the pneumonia, he paints the exact image of the last leaf on the branch outside her window the day the last leaf fell. The story does foreshadow him painting the leaf in that he is always talking about the masterpiece he is going to paint and how he is a protector of the two young women that live above him. Now the inference that can be taken from his actions is that he had touched no one with his art he had no true masterpieces. By painting the last leaf he insured that johnsy would be affected by his art even only to get her through her illness. He paints a leaf in the pouring rain just for her and so she would pull through. She realized her foolishness when the leaf had staid and made a complete turnaround. The work done by Behrman saved her life he had an impact on an audience witch is all any artist can ask for. The irony that his best work caused him to lose his life it is also worth looking into. He had yet to reach anything of value tell this leaf and he dies two days later before Johnsy even knows what he had done for her. He doesn’t even get to see if he would pull through. This irony could be to show how much of a sacrifice he made or to illustrate just how much he cared for these two women that lived above him. He gave all he had to give Johnsy a chance of living. This means there is more to the relationship of those in this building other then just as living together. He cares for them that is obvious but why. He seems to be harsh toward them and the only reason you could put on it is because they pay him t o be a model and he didn’t want to lose them in that regard. This still comes across as quit cold and vague, not really a good place to end a story. There is not much to work with to form an argument of why witch I take as it leaves it to the reader to justify his actions this allows each reader come up with a different reason that works for them. This makes it to where each reader walk away happy with the ending though this is rendered point less by the fact that one can simply see it when trying to look past the surface. The relationship between Johnsy and Sue is far closer than just that of roommates. One piece of evidence toward this is how offended Sue becomes when the doctor asks it there is a man in Johnsy’s life. This shows that Sue doesn’t want there to be and takes offence to the idea. Why would a roommate take offence to a stranger asking if there was man in their roommate’s life? This adds a sense of care toward Johnsy and possibly a want for her not to find a man. Later in the same statement Sue asked, â€Å"is a man worth† but catches herself, then just answers the doctor’s question. Showing she has a low worth of men and tends not to take them with much value. The doctor is asking on the grounds of trying to see if Johnsy has anything to live for. It seems Sue takes offence to the fact that she isn’t good enough to live for.. At one point in the story Johnsy is talking about how she can’t wait to die and Sue asks her,† What would I do without you†. This seems like she is more concerned than just with the next month’s rent. Another piece of evidence that Sue and Johnsy who are two woman living alone together at the turn of the century this story is set sometime during the 1890s. It’s extremely odd that two women of this time period would live together especially alone and without a man. There are a multiple times where Sue holds Johnsy, now this could be dismissed as her friend is dying but coupled with other evidence it is possible to conclude there is more going on. There is another part of the story where johnsy apologizes for how she treated Sue why she was sick. She is deeply apologetic and tends uses Sues pet name of Sudie for the first time. Their relationship is very intrinsic and has a romantic element to it. To be honest when I first skimmed this I thought it was a man who was sick and a woman he loved caring for him but when going through more in depth for my paper I realized it was two women. The argument they are more than roommates has much more weight than most would admit. This hits that they could be a romantic couple though this is never admitted. Though this could be taken in to account on why Sue stops herself from finishing her thought in front of the doctor and could add a new element of how Behrman protects these women. The evidence points one direction that is hard to ignore. The last point to focus on in this peace is that it a very negative tone despite the fact that the end of the story Johnsy lives. The first negative observation is when johnsy is wishing for death. This is a very negative thing when someone wishes for death it usually is a sign of great discomfort or a plea for help. Johnsy seems almost excited at the prospect of being done with this disease that is ravaging her body. The symbolism is also darker in nature comparing Johnsy to a fallen white statue is one such example. This paints a very sad picture that this poor girl is not long for this world. Another use of literary devices in a negative since is when pneumonia is personified as a man killing people left and right. This makes it seem as a serial killer rather than a disease. Some may argue that the ending is happy Johnsy lives but at what cost. Death in the end still takes a life of a man that gave everything to save a girl that had no hope in her own survival. There is a line in the story that Johnsy says when she realizes how glum her outlook has been that sums it up pretty well calling it a sin how she had been acting. Johnsy throughout the story demands things from Sue such as calling for the blinds to be opened so she can see the ivy vine. This shows that she wasn’t very nice to her in while she was sick. The doctor gives Johnsy a 10 to 1 chance this is glum news. Sue try’s to make it seem better by comparing it to going by new buildings in the city. Though this has little effect and is shot back down by Johnsy. Throughout the story dark tones make it seem miserable and when hope is given it is quickly shot back down. This sets a tone of negativity in the whole story. This tone helps draw the reader sown to a sad emotional state and tends for them to see Johnsy situation as hopeless. The stories points of analyses are that of their relationship being more then roommates, why Behrman painted the leaf, and the negative tone of the story. These all can be explored to a great depth and shown in many ways. The relationships of this story are what make it an interesting piece. This story has many layers and O’Henry has made a truly lasting story that has a value far beyond that of a usual short story that will insure this one lasting for ages.

Significance Financial Instruments Closure â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Significance Financial Instruments Closure? Answer: Introduation The IFRS structure determines two capital concepts; a financial concept of capital and a physical concept of capital. Financial concept of capital is the concept which is related to companys net assets and equity, whereas a physical concept of capital is a concept in which capital is related to the entitys productivity capacity (Bauer, O'Brien and Saeed, 2014). Further description of this concept is enumerated as below: Financial capital maintenance A financial concept of capital is the concept which is related to companys net assets and equity (van Mourik, 2014). While using a financial concept of capital, profit generation is only made if the net assets financial amount, during the ending period is larger than the beginning period of net assets, further is adjusted only for any distribution which was made to the owners at that the period. The major consideration provided by the users regarding the financial statements is with the financial capital maintenance of the company. This concept is supported by following two equations: Assets Liabilities = Equity Opening equity (net assets) + Profit Distributions = Closing equity (net assets) Physical capital maintenance A physical concept of capital is a concept in which entitys capital is based all upon on the production capacity, regarded on its output units. While using a physical concept, income is generated only if the entitys physical production capacity during ending period is more than the productivity during the beginning period, adjustment regarding any distributions will be paid to the owners at that period, or an increase in equity capital (McNeil, Frey and Embrechts, 2015). The major consideration provided by the users regarding the financial statements is with the productive capability maintenance of the company. A financial concept of capital must be implemented when the financial statement users is concerned about the capital investment maintenance or the purchasing capacity of the capital investment. A physical concept of capital must be implemented when the financial statement users is concerned about the entitys physical production capacity, and current value accounting. Profits are generally more during the implementation of the financial concept of capital as compared to the physical concept of capital, all because of inflation. The new and revised AASB 9 integrated the IASBs comprehensive work mentioned in Phase 1 of its project for the replacement of IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (AASB 139 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement) categorization and considerations of financial assets and liabilities. In addition to this, IASB comprehended its project on de-recognition of financial instruments (Bamber and McMeeking, 2016). This Standard is inclusive of requirements for the categorization and consideration of financial instruments, also the requirements of recognition and de-recognition for financial instruments. AASB 9 (issued in 2009) had only considered the requirements for the classification and measurement of financial assets which is consequential from the initial part of Phase 1 of the IASBs project which has objective to replace IAS 39 (AASB 139). AASB 9 Financial Instruments basically changes the means by which financial instruments are categorized and considered (inclusive of the measurements of provisions for impairment), and it also establishes extra flexibility in order to apply hedge accounting in a wider range of the activities of risk management (McMeeking and Bamber, 2015). This new and revised standard is likely to have wide consequences for entities across various industries, not just those in the sector of financial services. Current needs; Financial instruments will be shown on the basis of net approach only is an entity has an authorized enforceable right to compensate and aims to settle down on a net basis or recognize instruments at once. New and revised guidance Right to begin should be made available for balancing applicable rules Right is not conditional on future events The right should be legally enforceable in the regular course of business, bankruptcy, insolvent or default events. Before that there were four categories in accordance with AASB 139: first is the identification of fair value by PL, Second held to maturity, third loans and receivables and fourth financial assets for sale. AASB 9 contains two categories of financial assets which are Amortised cost and Fair value. In order to make an investment in equity tools, the amortised cost will not be applied, and the category of fair value category is applicable (Tahat and et al., 2016). According to this category, profit and loss of fair value are known in PL unless it is an element of hedging affiliation or its an equity tool investment (not for the trading purpose) and the company has made permanent elections to show profit and losses on that investment regarding other comprehensive income. If a company makes permanent elections for the equity instruments purchase, profits and losses must be realized in gain or loss. Once the election shows profit and loss in other comprehensive income, then it should be done the date of acquisition, it is significant for the business management to make a consideration of the policies and options of accounting previously for any purchases (McDonough and Shakespeare, 2015). While the election is completed on the basis of the item by item, mostly companys gives priority to the blanket policy choice, in which profit and loss on each investment will be presented in equity instruments in other comprehensive income. Left companies require to state choice on the basis of a case by case on the date of acquisition. For this purpose, the election is permanent and has no chance of change regarding assets life. Whilst AASB 9 allow firms to make permanent election to show profits and loss made on investments will be presented in equity instruments in other comprehensive income, it decreases instability in the total net gain for many and reduce the apparent instability in accounting for financial assets which are available for sale as per AASB 139 (Byrne, 2014). S Ltd has obtained total shares of $150,000 in Willett Ltd on the date 1 July 2015. The share showed the worth $170,000 on 30 June 2016. On 1 November 2016, S Ltd sold these shares for $200,000. Current AASB 139 treatment 2016 2017 $ $ Other income 0 50,000 Net Profit 0 50,000 Other comprehensive income 20,000 (20,000) Total Comprehensive income 20,000 30,000 Under AASB 9, the accounting implications, if S Ltd has used the permanent election to show profit and losses on that investment in other comprehensive income are as follows: AASB 9 OCI treatment 2016 2017 Other income $0.00 $0.00 Net Profit $0.00 $0.00 Other comprehensive income $20,000.00 $30,000.00 Total Comprehensive income $20,000.00 $30,000.00 Under AASB 9, the accounting implications if S Ltd had used no election are as follows. AASB 9 PL treatment 2016 2017 Other income $20,000.00 $30,000.00 Net Profit $20,000.00 $30,000.00 Other comprehensive income $0.00 $0.00 Total Comprehensive income[2] $20,000.00 $30,000.00 References Bauer, A.M., O'Brien, P.C. and Saeed, U., 2014. Reliability makes accounting relevant: a comment on the IASB Conceptual Framework project.Accounting in Europe,11(2), pp.211-217. van Mourik, C., 2014. The equity theories and the IASB conceptual framework.Accounting in Europe,11(2), pp.219-233. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015.Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Bamber, M. and McMeeking, K., 2016. An examination of international accounting standard-setting due process and the implications for legitimacy.The British Accounting Review,48(1), pp.59-73. McMeeking, K.P. and Bamber, M.A., 2015. An examination of international accounting standard-setting due process and the implications for legitimacy. Tahat, Y.A., Dunne, T., Fifield, S. and Power, D.M., 2016. The impact of IFRS 7 on the significance of financial instruments disclosure.Accounting Research Journal,29(3), pp.241-273. McDonough, R.P. and Shakespeare, C.M., 2015. Fair value measurement capabilities, disclosure, and the perceived reliability of fair value estimates A discussion of Bhat and Ryan (2015).Accounting, Organizations and Society,46, pp.96-99. Byrne, L.T., 2014. Accounting for Financial Instruments: Difficulties with Fair Value Measurement and Reporting.