Pharmaceutical Industry and Drugs

Introduction Pharmaceutical industry has been on the upward over the recent years. This attributes to the growing demand of pharmaceutical products because of changing lifestyles experienced in the modern life. Pharmaceutical industry has a responsibility of developing, producing and marketing of drugs licensed for medication purposes.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pharmaceutical Industry and Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the only body allowed in dealing with drugs having met the set conditions, which vary from country to country. This research paper will analyze the pharmaceutical industry based on its market size, research and development as well as regulation governing entry of new drug in the market. Market size and major players Global pharmaceutical market has been reporting an upward trend, which projects to continue over the coming years. Many researches done so far projects that the global pharmaceutical market will produce a total of more than a trillion dollars in its revenue for the year 2012. This is because of the changes that the pharmaceutical industry is undergoing leading to more growth than before. Some of the current changes in the pharmaceutical markets include the shifting growth from the developed markets, increased focus on biotech developed drugs and approval of new drugs (PRLOG, 2012). Some of the leading players who take nearly half of products in the market are Pfizer, Novartis, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi among others. The pharmaceutical expenditures are on the upward trend due to the pharmaceutical consumption experienced all over the world. The total number of pharmaceutical bills by 2007 was estimated to be USD 650 billion among the OECD countries accounting to 15 percent of the health spending. United States is the leading country in pharmaceutical expenditures per capita of $7,960 followed by Norway and Switzerland. Other leading co untries include Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark and Austria respectively (OECD, 2012). Globalization plays an important role in the pharmaceuticals markets, which is worth mentioning. The states of the third world countries have improved because of globalization from direct participation worldwide. Globalization eases the integration of different countries in forming umbrella bodies with no trade barriers.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has necessitated the free movement of pharmaceutical products worldwide. It has created global competition among leading brands in the pharmaceutical industry due to movements and marketing by companies. It has enabled the pharmaceutical companies in the long-term planning as they look for business opportunities in some parts of the globe (Kesic, 2009). Research and development Research plays an important role of innovating n ew products, which meets the market demand. As world’s population grows day by day, so does the need for more innovations in solving the emerging problems. Frequent research and developments leads to new products in the market to be used in treating different illness experienced in daily life. There are a number of agencies which funds research and developments. In some cases, American federal meets the cost of research and developments of drugs in collaboration with the public sector. Over the past years, the federal has laid out policy research, which they have funded to a tune of billions through private and public sectors in US (Austin, 2007). Similarly, pharmaceutical companies do meet the cost of research and development, which is latter, passed to consumers through buying the products. The global competition and increased need of resistance drugs are pushing private and pharmaceutical companies to research and develop drugs that meets the need of the public. Meeting th e market demand with new products is very important for pharmaceutical company’s research and developments (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Every company is striving in satisfying its clients and developing brand loyalty with them. This makes pharmaceutical companies thrive continuously in producing and innovating new products, which meets the expectation of their customers. Developing strong brands is more important to pharmaceutical companies as it enables them to achieve a competitive advantage. Regulation Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the mandate of protecting and promoting health of the public through ensuring their safety. It plays a role in approving drugs, which takes two phases namely: clinical trials (CT) and new drug application (NDA).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pharmaceutical Industry and Drugs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The drug approval process by FDA begins after the client has submitted investigational new drug application(IND) showing preclinical information, which justifies the testing of the drug to humans. In many cases, US subjects 85 % of applications to clinical trials. This ensures safety of the drugs before allowing them into the market (Guarino, 2009). The next stage in the approval process involves phase I of clinical trials, which takes 1-3 years on subjects involving human beings. There is evaluation of safety of the drug and its pharmaceutical contents are at this stage. Phase II trials take two years and only done when a drug successfully passes the first phase. This phase includes evaluation of dosage, broadness of the efficacy and there might be additional safety procedures performed at this phase. If the examination becomes successful at this stage, it proceeds to the third phase, which takes 3-4 years (Guarino, 2009). Phase III is concerned with effectiveness and safety of the developed drug. It takes data from different pop ulations and dosage of up to 3000 people in checking its effectiveness. Successful passing these three stages allows for new drug application (NDA). Some of the information considered includes drug manufacturing and its labeling, data analysis and pharmacokinetics of the drug. A team of Scientist in the Centre of Drug Evaluation and Research also takes clinical and preclinical reports and any analysis in masking it conforms to the laid down procedures of safety measurement. The approval of NDA may take up-to two years, but the company is allowed to market the drug after successful passage and approval of NDA before proceeding to phase IV. Phase IV involves exploration of new population as well as the drugs long-term effects and the response of the participants to the dosage (Guarino, 2009). Conclusion Pharmaceutical industries are involved in research and development because of increased demand for their products. Globalization has played a critical role in marketing their products because they can easily reach other parts of the world without difficulties.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the increased demand, which has necessitated more production, the major players are incurring the high cost in relation to research and development of new products. The cost for developing new drugs is passed to the consumer who pays higher in buying the drugs. This concept explains why United States is leading consumers of pharmaceutical products. References Austin, T. (2007). Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, BO study. Washington DC: Government Printing Press. Guarino, R. (2009). New Drug Approval Process. 5th ed. London: Taylor Francis Kesic, D. (2011). Pharmaceutical industry in strategic development. 2 (6), 29-37. Web. OECD (2009). Health at Glance 2009 OECD indicators: OECD indicators. Canada: OECD Publishing. PRLOG (2012). Global Pharmaceutical market forecast to 2012. Web. Swayne, L, Duncan, W Ginter P. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations. 6th ed. West Sussex: John Wiley. This case study on Pharmaceutical Industry and Drugs was written and submitted by user Bradley Compton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Becasue I Am International Students, I Can Not Get Money From School Saver Savings Account

Becasue I Am International Students, I Can Not Get Money From School Saver Savings AccountA day ago, I was in the wrong for stating that Becasue I Is International Students, I Can Not Get Money From School Saver Savings Account. Even though the incident I have stated, was mainly due to my lack of understanding on the rules, rules which are based on the federal law in my state.However, there is a significant reason for this: It was made mandatory by the government for banks to keep a record of the date when you opened the bank account. In case you close your bank account in good time, and before it gets closed, they must send you your receipt of account closure by post. Even in this case, if you do not return the receipt, they must deduct it from your next paycheck.So now I have found out that banks cannot access bank accounts that are opened outside their region. The particular reason I gave for this incident was that a month ago, I had opened an account in another bank in another co untry, so I needed to contact the company to know the requirements of getting money from the account.A month ago, as mentioned above, Becasue I Is International Students, I Can Not Get Money From School Saver Savings Account, due to the restrictions imposed by the government on banks. If you close your bank account prior to its closing date, then they must send you your receipt of account closure by post.And as I had closed my bank account before it was closing date, I was charged with a late fee. After receiving the receipt of account closure, I went to the bank branch to have a look at the records.When I opened the account I did not ask for a copy of my bank statement, or the receipt of account closure. Since I never asked for these, the bank knows nothing about me, and this has been their policy from the very beginning. Since the time I first opened the account, they even gave me an ATM card and they always gave me bad credits, so I always tried to use it only.Recently, I paid so me utility bills, and I wanted to cash in the utilities from my previous apartment, but I could not since I have not yet been given the receipts for a month ago. So I decided to cash in the last one since I had no other choice, so I went to the bank branch and wrote down my bank name, address, date and my personal identification number, and I presented the same.This will be my third time to go to the bank branch to get a receipt, and this time, I have finally noticed that I have been charged with an extra fee of fifteen dollars. They still said that I need to submit a request to them about the extra fee before they deduct it from my next paycheck. If I have already paid this fifteen dollars, I feel that I have not done anything wrong, but if I have not, I think it is unfair to me and also the people around me.

self assurance essays

self assurance essays Who Am I? Who Does The World Believe I am? Who Am I? Who does the world believe I am? These are some of the questions faced by many of the citizens in todays society. Status plays a key role in a persons developmental stages starting from birth and continues on throughout life until death. There are many key factors that contribute to a persons development of their self concept, with interpersonal and intrapersonal roles playing an important part. Self concept is a dynamic and unique outline reflecting a persons interaction with the larger social community as well as intrapersonal characteristics. It helps people experience who they are capable of becoming physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, and spiritually in a community with others. Arnold. Boggs. Self concept is a continual process, rangely changing and getting more difficult as the child gets older. Throughout the childs life, he or she may have general aspects of ones self such as, I am shy or I am good at sports. Consequently these ideas become more complex as ones self is introduced to new challenges in life. Self concept allows roles to change as maturity takes place. The self concept of a child broadens through social interactions. Later these social interactions become the self-concept of that of an adult, marriage partner, or parent. Self concept is unique to each person. Individual physiological features and inborn personality traits digger, as do ethnic and cultural heritages. Life experiences are both qualitatively and quantitatively different, even for two individuals living together within the same family environment. Position in the family, encounters with neighbors, physical makeup, basic preferences, and amount of social support are variables that account for differences in experience. One can think of the self concept as being the response ...

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Reflection paper - Essay Example In this chapter, Ms. Wright, is a renowned psychologist and sports nutritionist has explained different cases of eating disorders. Ms. Wright emphasizes in the readings that eating disorders are not just about food. There is a much more psychological reason why eating disorders are prevalent among the youth. One of the underlying reason for such disorder is a low self-esteem derived from wrong perspective of one’s physical appearance. Thus, most young people associate their lack of physical attractiveness to their self-worth which is very dangerous since they go to extreme lengths to maintain a certain ideal figure. Ironically, the media projects unhealthy images of beauty where waif like figures become the benchmark for young people. The chapter also discussed other underlying reasons for eating disorders, among them, dealing with the trauma of being away from family and friends for the first time, dealing with new pressures and new expectations as findings from the cases of Ms Wright reveals. As a conclusion, the chapter not only details the different eating disorders but their underlying causes as well. More so, the chapter informs the reader of the significance of an intervention program for eating disorders so that further damaging effect to the affected youth at-risk would be lessened. As revealed by the study, the adolescent and youth groups are the most affected segment by eating disorders. As such, this has serious implications to school officials especially school counselors since they are in direct contact with this group most of the time. Therefore, the school must be active in identifying at-risk youth once they are admitted in the school system. The school must conduct a discrete eating disorder test once a student has applied for admission in a school. Moreover, a new student must view a presentation regarding eating disorders. Once the result of the test is released, a one-on-one consultation with the school

How Has the Internet Influenced the Nature of Community Involvement in Assignment

How Has the Internet Influenced the Nature of Community Involvement in Development Decisions in Urban Planning - Assignment Example According to the International Association of Public Participation IAP2, any method which involves the public in making decisions or solving problems is known as a stakeholder engagement. The Internet has contributed significantly in increasing stakeholder engagement in the urban planning process. This paper attempts to investigate how far the Internet has been successful in doing so. Urban Development Planning The Planning Authorities formulate development plans for the urban, semi-urban and rural sectors. The entire development planning process involves the services of a wide range of professionals. They include civil engineers, architects, environmental engineers, geographers, real estate and property managers, surveyors, cartographers, community association managers, surveying technicians and also market and survey researchers (U.S Department of Labor, 2008, p. 222). The Role of the Internet The Internet has primarily been used to computerize the existing processes of communicati on between the Government and the community people. Citizens have used the e-mail to exchange information with the Government officials instead of writing hard copies of letters. The Community people have accessed information regarding urban development activities, on specific websites instead of reading pamphlets and reports. They could download this information from the Internet as a digital copy if they required it. Many urban planning bodies have posted an extensive amount of information regarding their plans and programmes on these websites. Earlier there used to be newspaper notices and official records regarding the same. The citizens can access a wide variety of planning related documents on the internet which sometimes also includes the agendas of urban planning board. Many planning agencies have adopted Geographic Information Systems (GIS) on their websites which have allowed the citizens to access GIS data and design their own maps. In 2004, a survey was conducted on the websites of 582 cities of the U.S.A which had recorded a population of 50,000 or more in the 2000 Census. It was found that 55% of the websites posted the urban plans of the Civic Authorities and 35% of them provided an e-mail address for the citizens to communicate. 37% of the websites also enumerated the major points of discussion of planned meetings with the community people. (Goodspeed 2008 p29; Conroy & Cowley, 2004) Brody, Godschalk and Burby have identified five areas where the Internet has played a significant role in facilitating community participation in urban planning and development. Some of these areas still offer considerable scope for the Internet to function as a significant medium of communication (Goodspeed, 2008). 1) Providing Information to the Community and Providing them with Opportunities to influence Planning Decisions: There are urban planning websites that have a provision for the citizens to write their views in an open forum where the planning authoritie s can clarify these opinions following a process of exchange of views. The website of PlanNYC (a student run site concerning urban planning) has allowed website visitors to post their comments. Similarly, blogs have been launched on the internet by some communities that have the provision for the residents to post their opinion on a variety of topics relating to urban development planning. A group called E-Democracy.org has launched a forum which facilitates

Should the government bailout failing businesses - Argument aginst Research Paper

Should the government bailout failing businesses - Argument aginst - Research Paper Example But more intense debate of the present finance world is whether the decision of saving (bailing-out) these about-to-be bankrupt companies justified! The companies when fell into the trouble were within the periphery of private hands and now, when in trouble, saving them with the common man’s hard-earned money drew reservations from all concerned quarters. The money that was paid to the government to develop utility for the society is being used to discount the wrong doings of these financial giants over the years. Prior to getting deeper into the pros and cons of the bail-out process and its affects on the falling companies and the society at large, the underlying reasons of the financial crisis might be assessed in brief. The few of the major reasons of the financial crisis are ascertained below: Housing Prices – The housing prices in the United States rose to great heights till 2006 and then suddenly collapsed from then onwards. The collapse was more than 25% and continued for more than three years. As C.I. Jones observed, â€Å"The national index for housing prices in the United States declined by 26.6% between the middle of 2006 and the end of 2008† (Jones, 2009). Increase in Global Saving – Even a decade earlier, it was found that the developing economies of the world saved less and invested more. This rendered them to borrow funds from the world market. But as there occurred number of recessions over the period of last fifteen years, the developing economies commenced to save more. This hampered the western economies (especially United States) as it could not channelise their excess funds and earn interests. Ultimately, the excess funds contributed towards the asset market. Subprime Lending – The hype of owning houses that existed in the United States before 2006 made almost all nationals purchase a house which often

My Hobby Essay -- essays research papers

MY SPECIAL HOBBY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Practically every person has his or her own hobby; whether it‘s a sport, collecting certain items, or something one takes their time practicing. Personally, I never thought I ever had a hobby. As a matter of fact I wasn’t even sure what a hobby actually was. Then I got to thinking and I finally realized that my hobby was dancing. Yes, I know that to some people dancing is not considered a true hobby; but the way I see it, if I enjoy dancing and spend my precious time doing it, then I have every right to consider it as my special hobby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as I can remember about my childhood, I have always loved to dance. Dancing was just my thing. I remember attending ballet classes when I was five years old. I would learn the routines so quickly that the instructor would sometimes ask me to help her teach the other students. The greatest part of being in ballet was attending the ballet recitals. That was when each of us let ourselves shine in front of our family and friends. I always thought that the crowd was watching my every move and thinking, â€Å"Wow, that girl dances so gracefully.† Just thinking that made me try even harder to be the best I could. I would practice every day after school and right before bedtime, too. It didn’t even matter to me if there was no music playing, I just kept on dancing. Becoming a famous dancer was one of my greatest childhood dreams. I believed that one-day I would get the chan...